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Glenohumeral Arthrodesis
Glenohumeral arthrodesis was commonly performed before the development of shoulder arthroplasty. Currently, arthrodesis is considered a salvage procedure that is appropriate for select patients. Current indications include neuromuscular conditions (for example, sequels of brachial plexus palsy), severe destruction of the glenohumeral joint that cannot be reconstructed (especially in patients in whom the deltoid or axillary nerve is compromised), and recurrent instability after multiple failed procedures in the young, active patient. Keys to success include bone preparation, position of fusion, internal fixation, and postoperative management.